![]() ![]() In this condition, the base is directly connected to the ground. Similarly, in the cut-off region, it works as an open switch means both junctions will be reverse biased, and emitter-base voltage will be less than 5V thus transistor works as a fully open switch. In the saturation region, it works as close switch means both junctions will be forward biased, and emitter-base voltage will be greater than 5V thus transistor works as a fully closed switch. In the active region, it works as an amplifier means its emitter-base junction will be forward biased and the collector-base junction will be reversed biased. Either it is used for switching or amplification it works in three modes of operation.
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